Curriculum Vitae

• Education
• Academic & Professional
  Appointments
• Professional Organizations
• Fellowships
  and Awards
• Scientific Publications
• Scientific Presentations

EDUCATION

• Bachelor of Arts (A.B.), May 1959 Columbia University, Columbia College, New York, N.Y.
• Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), May 1963 - Columbia University, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, New York, N.Y.

---

ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS

• Clinical Professor Division of Translational Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY
• Clinical Associate Professor of Dentistry (1991-1994), Department of Prosthodontics, Temple University School of Dentistry
• Associate Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology (1982-1994), Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College
• Director, Center for Myofacial Pain/TMJ Therapy (1982-1993), Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary
• Assistant Clinical Professor of Dentistry (1964-1970), Division of Stomatology, Columbia Univ. School of Dental & Oral Surgery
• International President (1993-1999), International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics
• Editorial Board of The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice (1993-96) (2000-03) (2007-present)
• Co-chairman of the American Alliance of TMD Organizations (2000-4 )
• Guest Consultant to U.S. FDA Dental Advisory Panel 1997
• Medical Staff Appointment as Consultant: South Nassau Communities Hospital, Oceanside, NY
• Medical Staff Appointment as Consultant: Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, New York, NY

---

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• American Dental Association
• The New York State Dental Association
• Nassau County & New York County Dental Societies
• International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics
• American Equilibration Society
• American Academy of Pain Management
• Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity

---

FELLOWSHIPS AND AWARDS

• Fellow of the American College of Dentists (FACD)
• Fellow of the International College of Dentists (FICD)
• Fellow of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics
• Mastership International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics
• Diplomate of the American Academy of Pain Management

---

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

• Cooper, B. et al: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction: Analysis of 476 Patients. Laryngoscope: Oct 1986, 96:1099-1106. Presented at the Eastern Section of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, January 1986 (Phila., PA) American Equilibration Society Compendium 21:155-162, 1988
• Cooper, B. and Rabuzzi, D.: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A Clinical Study of Asymptomatic Subjects: Laryngoscope, 1984, 94(1). Presented at the Eastern Section Meeting of the American Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Society, January 1983 (New York, NY)
• Cooper, B. and Mattucci, K.: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction: A Clinical Examination Procedure. International Surgery, 1985, 70:165-9.
• Cooper, B.: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction: Cause, Clinical Appearance, Current Therapy. Primary ENT, Fall 1987 3(3):2-7. Reprinted in Compendium Vol 21, American Equilibration Society 1988, p.57-62
• Cooper,B.: Craniomandibular Diseases. in Essentials of Otolaryngology, 3rd edition, eds. Lucente, F. and Sobel, S. New York, Raven Press 1993
• Cooper, B. and Lucente F., eds. Management of Facial, Head and Neck Pain, Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company, April 1989
• Cooper, B.C.: Craniomandibular Disorders, In: Cooper, B. and Lucente F., eds. Management of Facial, Head & Neck Pain, Phila.: W.B.Saunders Co., April 1989
• Cooper, B.C.: Intraoral Pain, In: Cooper, B. and Lucente F., eds. Management of Facial, Head & Neck Pain, Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company, April 1989
• Cooper, B.: Orofacial Development and Nasal Obstruction. in Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America (Nasal Obstruction issue), Kimmelman, C. ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders Company, April 1989
• Lunn,R., Cooper, B., Coy, R., et.al. White Paper of the Committee on Principles, Concepts and Procedures, Management of Craniomandibular Diseases. American Equilibration Society-Compendium, 20:177-237,1987
• Cooper, B.: Guest Editorial. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice July 1988.
• Cooper, B.: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction: A Case Report. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 6: (4) 346-351, October 1988
• Cooper, B.: Letter. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry .61 (3):388-390, 1989
• Cooper, B. and Cooper, D.: Multidisciplinary approach to the management of facial, head and neck pain. Presented at the Sixth Annual Convocation of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Florence, Italy April 1989. Pathophysiology of Head and Neck Musculoskeletal Disorders, Frontiers of Oral Physiology Volume 7, Bergamini,M. and Prayer Galletti, S. eds, Basil, Karger 1990, 76-82
• Thomas, M. and Cooper, B.: Recognition of Craniomandibular Disorders. New York State Dental Journal 55(10)26-28, 1989
• Cooper, B.: Neuromuscular Occlusion: Concept and Application. New York State Dental Journal 56:(4) 24-28, 1990
• Cooper, B. and Cooper, D.: Electromyography of masticatory muscles in craniomandibular disorders. Presented at the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Palm Beach, FL, May 1990 Laryngoscope, 101:(2) 150-157, 1991.
• Cooper, B. and Cooper D.: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Management of Facial Head and Neck Pain. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 66(1). In Coy, R.E ed Anthology of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, Seattle, International College of Cranio-Manidibular Orthopedics, Vol.3.
• Cooper, B.: Recognition and Management of Craniomandibular Disorders. in Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America (Otolaryngologic Office Evaluation and Management issue), Kimmelman, C.P. ed., Philadelphia, W.B.Saunders Company, 25(4) 867-887, August 1992
• Cooper, B.: Electromyography of Masticatory Muscles in Craniomandibular Disorders. Presented at the 7th Convocation of the International College of Craniomandibular Orthopedics and the 5th Annual Congress of the Japan Association of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, September 1991 (Osaka, Japan) in Coy, R.E ed Anthology of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, Seattle International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, 2:127-144, 1992. In American Equilibration Society Compendium, 25: 70-77, Chicago, 1992
• Cooper, B.C. Cooper, D.L.: Differentialdiagnostik bei Gesichts,- Kopf- und Nackenschmerzen. Philip Journal Vol 10 p337-344, July/August 1993 (in German)
• Moses, A.J. & Cooper, B.C.: Understanding Temporomandibular Disorders and Whiplash. 2 part article CLAIMS July and September 1993
• Cooper, B.C., Cooper, D.L.: Recognizing Otolaryngologic Symptoms in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders. The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice: 11(4)260-267, October 1993. Presented at the 8th International Congress of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics. October 10, 1993 Banff, Alberta, Canada. In Coy, R.E ed Anthology of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, Seattle International College of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, Vol.3 , 1994
• Cooper, B.C.: Objective Documentation of Post-Traumatic Craniomandibular (TMJ) Disorders. Trial Lawyers Quarterly, N.Y.State Trial Lawyers Institute., Vol.24, No.4 Summer 1994, p. 12-15
• Cooper, B.C.: The Role of Bioelectronic Instruments in the Management of TMD. New York State Dental Journal, 61 (9) 48-53,November 1995
• Cooper, B.C.: Who represents the TMD practitioner, Guest Editorial, The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 14 (4) 251-253, 1996
• Cooper, B.C.: Chronic Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, in A Practical Approach to Pain Management, Lefkowitz, M. and Lebovits, A., eds. Little, Brown and Co. Boston, New York, Toronto, London, 1996, Chapter 28, 248-254.
• Cooper, B.C.: Intraoral Pain, in A Practical Approach to Pain Management, Lefkowitz, M. and Lebovits, A., eds. Little, Brown and Co. Boston, New York, Toronto, London, 1996, Chapter 30, 259-264
• Cooper, B.C. TMJ , in Lawyers' Guide to Medical Proof, Chapter 1106, Matthew Bender Publisher, October 1996
• Cooper, B.C.: The Role of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in Documenting and Managing Temporomandibular Disorders. JADA 127 (11) 1611-1614, 1996
• Cooper, B.C.: The Role of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Documentation and Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, Mosby- Yearbook, Inc. 83 (1) 91-100, 1997
• Cooper, B.C.: Temporomandibular Disorders, Healthline, December 1997
• Cooper, B.C.: The Role of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Management of TMD, Dentistry Today, 17 (7) 92-97, July 1998
• Cooper, B.C.: Scientific Rationale for Biomedical Instrumentation. Neuromuscular Dentistry-The Next Millennium, Anthology V, D. Hickman,ed., The International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Seattle, WA 11-32, 1999
• Cooper, B.C.: Temporomandibular Disorders Module, Otolaryngology National Resident Curriculum, Amer. Acad. of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery Foundation, November 2002, Revised 2007.
• Cooper, B.C.: The Role of Bioelectronic Instruments in the Management of TMD. New York State Dental Journal, 61 (9) 48-53, November 1995
• Cooper, B.C.: Parameters of an Optimal Physiological State of the Masticatory System: The Results of a Survey of Practitioners Using Computerized Measurement Devices. The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, 22 (3), 220-233 July 2004
• Cooper, B.C.: Dental Records Chapter, Medical Legal Aspects of Medical Records, Iyer Levin & Shea Editors, Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Fall 2005.
• Cooper, B.C. and Kleinberg I.: Examination of a large patient population for presence of symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders. The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 2007; 25 (2): 114-126.
• Cooper, B.C. and Kleinberg I.: Establishment of a Temporomandibular Physiological State with Neuromuscular Orthosis Treatment Affects Reduction of TMD Symptoms in 313 Patients. . The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice April 2008; 26(2): 104-117
• Cooper,B.C and Kleinberg, I: Relationship of Temporomandibular Disorders to Muscle Tension-Type Headaches and a Neuromuscular Orthosis Approach to Treatment, The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, April 2009; 27 (2): 101-108
• Cooper, BC: Temporomandibular Disorders, A Position Paper of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO), The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, July 2011; 29 (3): 237-244.

---

SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATIONS

• Cooper, B. and Mattucci, K.: Myofacial Pain Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents. Presented at the Eastern Section Meeting of the American Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Society, January 1985 (Syraúcuse, NY).
• Cooper, B C: Otolaryngologic Implications of Myofacial Pain Dysfunction. Presented at the 4th Convocation of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics 1985 (Kyoto, Japan)
• Cooper, B C, et al: Recovering Lost Vertical Dimension of the Face Due to Occlusal Position. Presented at the Eastern Section of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, January 1987 (Boston, Mass) and at the 5th Convocation of the International College of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, Honolulu, Hawaii, March 1987
• Cooper, B C : Neuromuscular Concepts and the Utilization of Bioelectronics in Prosthetic Treatment. Presented at the 6th International Meeting of the College National D'Occlusodontologie March 1989 (Paris, France)
• Cooper, B C: Orofacial Development and Nasal Obstruction. Presented to the Department of Otolaryngology of Mt. Sinai Medical College, New York, Dec. 1989
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion incorporated into everyday dental practice. Presented at the 66th Annual Greater New York Dental Meeting, Nov. 1990
• Cooper, B., Cooper, D. and Lucente, F.: The importance of recognizing Myofacial Pain Dysfunction in the otolaryngologic population. Presented at the Meeting of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otologiúcal Society, February 2, 1991
• Cooper, B C: The use of electronic data to determine Rest Position of the Mandible and the Neuromuscular Occlusal Position. Presented at the 7th Convocation of the International College of Craniomandibular Orthopedics & 5th Annual Congress of the Japan Assoc. of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Sept. 1991 (Osaka, Japan)
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry and the Treatment of Craniomandibular Disorders. Presented at the Graduate Prosthodontics Department of Temple University School of Dentistry, October 16, 1991
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry and the Treatment of Craniomandibular Disorders. Presented at the Second District Dental Society, Brooklyn, New York, October 25, 1991
• Cooper, B C: Electromyography-Computerized Mandibular Scan-Sonography. Presented at the 9th Annual International Symposium on Clinical Management of Head, Facial Pain & TMJ Disorders. American Academy & Board of Head, Neck Facial Pain & TMJ Orthopedics. July 24, 1993 Anaheim, CA.
• Cooper, B C & Duncan W E: Electronic Testing for TMJ Disorders. Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Academy of Pain Management. October 15, 1993 Knoxville, TN.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry and in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders. Presented at the Greater New York Dental Meeting. December 1, 1993 New York, NY
• Cooper, B C: The Role of Electronic Measurement in the Documentation and Management of TMD. Presented at the International Workshop on TMDs and Related Pain Conditions. Sponsor: NIDR/NIH Baltimore, MD April 17-21, 1994
• Cooper, B C: The Role of Electronic Instruments in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Presented to the US Food and Drug Administration Dental Products Panel Hearing on "Muscle Monitoring Devices" October 13, 1994, Gaithersburg, MD
• Cooper, B C: Otolaryngologic Symptoms in Patients with TMD and Their Treatment. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting/Scientific Session of the American Equilibration Society, February 23, 1995, Chicago, Illinois.
• Cooper, B C: Differential Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders: Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting/Scientific Session of the American Equilibration Society, February 23, 1995, Chicago, Illinois.
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders, Clinical Presentation, Cause and Current Therapy. Presented as a Grand Rounds Lecture, Department of Otolaryngology, Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, April 23, 1995, New York.
• Cooper, B C: The Use of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Restorative Dentistry. Presented at the Greater Long Island Dental Meeting, April 27, 1995, Melville, New York.
• Cooper, B C: The Use of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and in Restorative Dentistry. Presented at the American Equilibration Society and Greek Prosthodontic Society Joint Satellite Program, July 1, 1995, Athens, Greece.
• Cooper, B C: Otologic Symptoms in Patients with TMD and Their Treatment. Presented at the Ninth International Congress of The International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, October 14, 1995, Toulouse, France.
• Cooper, B C: Developing a TMD Treatment Protocol. Presented at the Ninth Annual Bernard Jankelson Memorial Forum of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, November 18, 1995 Phoenix, Arizona.
• Cooper, B C: The Use of Electronic Instrumentation in TMD Management. Presented at the Greater New York Dental Meeting. November 25, 1995, New York, NY
• Cooper, B C: The Role of Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Documentation and Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Presented at the NIDR/NIH Technology Assessment Conference on the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD April 29, 1996
• Cooper, B C :The ADA Seal Program for Measurement Devices used as diagnostic aids in TMD, Presented to ADA Council on Scientific Affairs, Chicago Sept. 19, 1996
• Cooper, B C: Introduction of The ICCMO Protocol for the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Presentation at the 10th Annual Bernard Jankelson Forum of the American Section of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Arlington Va. October 18, 1996
• Cooper, B C: Otolaryngologic Symptoms in a TMD Population, Neuromuscular Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry and in the management of TMD, The Role of bioelectronic instruments in the documentation and management of TMD, Presented as the Lectio Magistralis at the joint meeting of the Academia Italiana di Kinesiografia ed Elettromiografia Cranio Mandibolare & Italian section of The International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Alessandria, Italy. November 17, 1996
• Cooper, B C: The Role of Neuromuscular Occlusion in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: Presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting/Scientific Session of the American Equilibration Society, Feb. 20, 1997, Chicago, Illinois
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion and Bioelectronic Instrumentation in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: Presented at the 10th International Congress of The International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Osaka, Japan April 13, 1997
• Cooper, B C: Restoring the Compromised Dentition: Through Neuromuscular Occlusion, Presented at Cordent Trust Conference, London,England, June 6-7, 1997
• Cooper, B C: The Role of Bioelectronic Measurement and Neuromuscular Occlusion in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders: Presented at the Greater New York Dental Meeting, New York, NY, November 30, 1997.
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders: Concepts and Current Management, Presented at the Department of Otolaryngology Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, New York, December 3, 1998. Presented at the Department of Otolaryngology SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, September 26, 2002.
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain: Clinical and Research Findings, Presented: Eastern Pain Assoc. Conference, NY, Dec.11, 1998
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders and Electronic Instrumentation. Presented at the American College of Dentists Lecture Program Series at:
  • Columbia Univ. School of Dental & Oral Surgery, New York, February 10, 1999.
  • State University of NY, Stony Brook, School of Dental Medicine, March 25, 1999.
  • New York University School of Dentistry, April 14, 1999.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion & Bioelectronic Instruments in TMD Management & in Restorative Dentistry. Greater NY Dental Meeting, Nov. 2000.
• Cooper, B C: Integrating Neuromuscular Occlusion into a Dental Practice. 15th Annual Bernard Jankelson Forum of the American Section of the International College of CranioMandibular Orthopedics, Vancouver, BC, November 2, 2002.
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Concepts and Management, Presented at the Department of Otolaryngology SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, July 8, 2004.
• Cooper, B C: Temporomandibular Disorders: Cause, Clinical Presentation and Conservative Treatment. Presented at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, August 5, 2004.
• Cooper, B C: Successful Integration of Neuromuscular Occlusion into the General Practice, Myotronics, Inc., 38th Anniversity Seminar, Seattle, WA, August 16, 2004.
• Cooper, B C: Documenting Efficacy of Neuromuscular Dentistry, International College of Craniomandibular Orthopedics, 17th Annual Jankelson Memorial Lecture Forum, Newport Beach, CA, October 16, 2004.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in TMD and Restorative Dentistry, Greater New York Dental Meeting, New York, NY, November 30, 2004.
• Cooper, B C,: Quantitive Valuation of TMD Patients from Basic Research to Clinical Application, Advances in Oral Physiopathology, University of Turin, Congresso Internazionale, Turin, Italy, December 11, 2004.
• Cooper, B.C: Examination of a Large Patient Population for Presence of Symptoms and Signs Considered to Characterize TMD. Presentation at the 13th International Congress of the College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Kona, Hawaii, November 4, 2005.
• Cooper, B: Neuromuscular Occlusion in Restorative Dentistry & The Treatment of TMD. Presented at the Nassau County Dental Society, April 5, 2006
• Cooper, B: Temporomandibular Disorders: Concepts and Current Management. Presented at the Department of Otolaryngology of New York Eye & Ear Infirmary, New York Medical College, April 19, 2006
• Cooper, B C: Integrating Neuromuscular Occlusion into a Dental Practice. 18th Annual Bernard Jankelson Forum of the American Section of the International College of CranioMandibular Orthopedics, Orlando, FL, October 27, 2006.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in TMD and Restorative Dentistry. Greater New York Dental Meeting, New York, NY, November 26, 2006.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion Workshop: Neuromuscular Dentistry TMJ/TMD & Restorative Dentistry. The Center for Occlusal Studies, Parkersburg, WV., March 8-10, 2007.
• Cooper, B C: Neuromuscular Occlusion in TMD and Restorative Dentistry, AGD College Station, Texas, November 2, 2007.
• Cooper, B C: Examination of a large patient population for presence of symptoms and signs considered to characterize temporomandibular disorders, and Integrating Neuromuscular Dentistry into a Dental Practice Change. 14th International Congress of The College of CranioMandibular Orthopedics, Vicenza, Italy, November 16-18, 2007.
• Cooper, BC: Integrating Neuromuscular Dentistry (NMD) Into a Dental Practice. Myotronics 42nd Anniversary Seminar, Seattle, WA July 19,2008
• Cooper, B.C: Introduction to Neuromuscular Dentistry. Presentation at the 20th Annual Bernard Jankelson Memorial Forum of the American Section of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Denver, CO September 25, 2008
• Cooper,B.C: Temporomandibular Disorders, Grand Rounds Lecture Department of Family Practice, South Nassau Communities Hospital, Oceanside, NY, December 19, 2008
• Cooper, B.C: Introduction to Neuromuscular Dentistry. Presentation at the 21st Annual Bernard Jankelson Memorial Forum of the American Section of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Denver, CO September 24, 2009.
• Cooper, B.C. Establishment of a Temporomandibular Physiological State with Neuromuscular Orthosis Treatment Affects Reduction of TMD Symptoms in 313 Patients. Presentation at the 15th International Congress of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Fukuoka, Japan, Nov.15-16, 2009.
• Cooper, B.C: Integrating Neuromuscular Occlusion into a Dental Practice, Myotronics Noromed, Inc., 43rd Anniversary Seminar, Seattle, WA, June 25, 2010.
• Cooper, B.C: Introduction to Neuromuscular Dentistry. Presentation at the 22nd Annual Bernard Jankelson Memorial Forum of the American Section of the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, Tempe, AZ October 21, 2010.
• Cooper, B.C: Introduction to Neuromuscular Dentistry and Integrating Neuromuscular Occlusion into a Dental Practice, Presentation at the First Congreso Internacional De Odontología Neuromuscular VI Jornadas De Dolor Y Disfunción Cráneomandibular, Buenos Aries, Argentina, March 18-19, 2011.
• Cooper, B.C: Introduction to Neuromuscular Dentistry: Second International Symposium of Functional and Neuromuscular Dentistry. St. Petersburg, Russia, May 22, 2011.

---